QN 031
Luqman 18012022
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لقمان |
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Classification |
|
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Position |
Juzʼ 21 |
|
No. of Rukus |
4 |
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No. of verses |
34 |
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Opening muqaṭṭaʻāt |
ʾAlif
Lām Mīm الم |
Luqman[1] (Arabic: لقمان, romanized: luqmān)
takes its title from the mention of the sage Luqman and his advice to his son in verses 12–19.
Summary[edit]
The focus of this sura, once broken down
into its many elements, can be seen as emphasizing principles of moderation.[3]
The sura uses the mustard seed analogy to emphasize the degree to
which God maintains his purview over man's actions, possibly emphasizing the fact
that
any
evil or good deed no matter how small is recorded and will be brought out
by Allah in the Day of Judgement.[4] A final point of focus for Sura 31
comes down to the purpose of God's creation. 31:29 and 31:20 show how God's
intention through creation was to better mankind, and his signs are
theoretically everywhere, from rain to vegetation.[5] This emphasis once again reminds
people of their subservience to Allah while also driving home the idea that man
is meant to do good on Earth. Man's purpose is to serve God, while the
Earth has been created in order to facilitate man's needs.[6]
Reading Qur'an 31[edit]
Surah Luqman in Arabic
Like many Quranic narratives, Sura
31 features many intertextual references. Carl Ernst identified what he calls "ring
structure" Sura 31 can be reinterpreted based on its inherent conceptual
breaks.[8] He proposed breakdown of Surah 31 and
its "ring structure": [9]
·
A1-11 Omniscience and self-sufficiency of God for the
betterment of mankind pt.1
o
2-5 The Righteous are mentioned and their good habits
are encouraged
o
6-7 The disbelievers are highlighted, contrasting the
early practices of pious practicers
o
8-11 Paradise is revealed as reward, God's omnipotence
is prominently highlighted as being predominantly for the betterment of
man [10]
·
B12-15 Rules and guidelines
o
12-13 Luqman bequeaths knowledge to his son, No partners
may be ascribed to God, and He is the highest power
o
14 Obey and be good to parents, a powerful reference
to the struggle of motherhood
o
15 It explain that God believers should not obey their
parents when they try to make them to believe in other partners with God but
accompany your parents in life with kindness.
·
X16-17 The chiastic middle
o
16 Omnipotence of God is compared to ability to see
everything [i.e. the size of a mustard seed]
o
17 It is revealed through prayer, forbidding wrong,
and employing moderation, are the values a believer should aspire too.
B': Rules and guidelines pt. 2 18-19 Employ
manners and moderation in society to better follow God
A': 20-34 Omniscience and self-sufficiency of God for the
betterment of mankind pt. 2
·
20-21 Disbelievers are called out once again and reminded
of their punishment
·
22 Believers counter the disbelievers
·
23 The Prophet should not be sad that disbelievers are
astray
·
24-34 The Omnipotence and infinite scope of God's power
is reiterated
·
29-32 All of God's acts are for the betterment of mankind
·
31-34 Judgement day is a bookend, emphasizing the need
for right practice and submission to God
Verse [Section]
Complete
[4]
1-11
[1] 1-6 7-11
12-19
[2] 12-15 16-19
20-30
[3] 20-24 25-30
31-34
[4]
Verse Theme
Surah 31. Luqman
1-11 AL-Quran is the Book of Wisdom, a Guide and a
Blessing for the Righteous
12-13 Luqman advised his son not to commit Shirk
14-15 Rights of mother and the parents and
16-19 Advise of Luqman about moral behavior and
interaction
20-24 Main reason of misguidance is the blind
following of ones forefathers
(31:6) There are some human beings5 who purchase an enchanting diversion6 in
order to lead people away from the way of Allah without having any knowledge,7 who hold the call to
the Way of Allah to ridicule.8 A humiliating chastisement awaits them.9
5.
6.
The words lahv al-hadith in the text imply such a thing as may allure and
absorb a listener completely and make him heedless of everything else around
him. Lexically, there is nothing derogatory in
these words, but
in custom and usage they apply to evil and useless and vain things, such as
gossip, nonsensical talk, joking and jesting, legends and tales, singing and
merry making, etc.
“Purchases” alluring tales The real meaning of the sentence is that a person should
purchase an absurd and useless thing for his money, and this is supported by
many traditions. Ibn Hisham has related on the authority of Ibn Ishaq that when
the disbelievers of Makkah could not stop the message of the Prophet (peace be
upon him) from spreading in spite of their best efforts,
Nadr
bin Harith said to the people of Quraish: “The way
you are counteracting this man (Prophet)will avail you nothing. He has lived a lifetime among you. Until now he was the
best of your men morally: he was the most truthful and the most trustworthy
person among you. Now you say that he is a sorcerer and enchanter and a poet
and a madman. Who will believe all this? Don’t the people know the way the
sorcerers talk? Don’t they know the enchanters and the way they conduct their
business? Are they unaware of poetry and of the states of madness? Which of
these accusations sticks to Muhammad (peace be upon him) by exploiting which
you would turn the people’s attention away from him?
Look!
I will tell you how to deal with him.” Then he left Makkah for Iraq and managed
to get from there legends and tales about the kings of Iran and Rustam and
Isfandyar and started to arrange tale telling parties to distract the people
from the Quran and to absorb them in the tales. The same tradition has been
cited by Vahidi in Asbab un Nazul on the authority of Kalbi and Muqatil. And
according to Ibn Abbas, Nadr had bough singing
girls also for the purpose. Whenever he heard that
someone was coming under the Prophet’s (peace be upon him) influence, he would
impose a singing girl on him with the instruction: “Feed him and entertain him
with your songs so that he is absorbed in you and distracted from the other
side.” This was the same device which the arch criminals of the nations have
been employing in every age.
They try to get the common people so absorbed in fun and sport and musical
entertainments in the name of culture that they are left with no time and sense
to attend to the serious problems of life, and in their heedlessness they do
not even feel what destruction they are being driven to.
The
same commentary of lahv al-hadith has been reported from a large number of the
companions and their immediate followers. Abdullah bin Masud was asked, “What
does lahv al-hadith mean in this verse?” He said thrice emphatically: “By God! it means singing.” (Ibn Jarir, Ibn Abi Shaibah. Hakim, Baihaqi). Similar
traditions have been reported from scholars like Abdullah bin Abbas, Jabir bin
Abdullah, Mujahid, Ikrimah, Said bin Jubair, Hasan Basri, and Makhul. Ibn
Jarir, Ibn Abi Hatim and Tirmidhi have related on the authority of Abu Umamah
Baheli that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “It is not lawful to buy and
sell and trade in singing girls nor is it lawful to take their price.” In
another tradition, the last sentence is to the effect: “It is unlawful to eat
their price”. Yet another tradition from Abu Umamah is to the effect: To teach
music to slave girls and to trade in them is not lawful and their price is
forbidden. All these Ahadith also elucidate that the verse containing lahv
al-hadith was sent down in this very connection. Qadi Abu Bakr Ibn alArabi has
related in the Ahkam alQuran a Hadith from Abdullah bin Mubarak and Imam Malik
on the authority of Anas, saying, that the Prophet
(peace be upon him) said: “He who hears the song of a singing girl in a musical
concert, will have molten lead poured into his ear on the Day of Judgment” (In this connection, one should also note that the culture
of music in those days flourished almost entirely through the slave girls: Free
women had not yet become “artists”. That is why the Prophet (peace be upon him)
spoke about trading in slave girls, and described their wages and earnings as
their price, and used the word qaynah for the singing girl, which is
specifically used for a slave girl in Arabic).
7.
“Without knowledge” may be connected with “buys” and also “lead astray”. In the
first case, it would mean: The ignorant foolish person
buys this alluring thing and does not know that he is buying a ruinous thing at
the cost of a highly valuable
thing. On the one hand, there are the divine verses which are full of wisdom
and guidance, which he can obtain without any cost, but he turns away from
them. On the other hand, there are these absurd things, which are disastrous
for his morals and he is expending his wealth to obtain them. In the second
case, it would mean: He has come out to guide the people without any knowledge:
he does not know what burden of sin he is taking on himself by trying to lead
the people astray from Allah’s Way.
8.
That is, this person wants to make fun of the divine revelations by alluring
and absorbing the people in legends and tales and music. He intends that the
invitation of the Quran should be derided and ridiculed and laughed away. He
plans to fight the religion of God with the strategy that as soon as Muhammad
(peace be upon him) should come out to recite revelations of God to the people,
there should be a charming, sweet-voiced damsel giving her performance in a
musical concert. On the one hand, a glibtongued story teller telling tales and
legends of Iran, on the other hand, the people should become so absorbed in
these cultural activities that they may not be in a mood to hear anything about
God and the morals and the Hereafter.
9.
This punishment will be in accordance with their crime. They want to debase and
disgrace God’s religion, His revelations and His Messenger; God will take His
vengeance on them by giving them a disgraceful torment.
18012022
(31:13)
And call to mind when Luqman said to his son while exhorting him: “My son, do
not associate others with Allah in His Divinity.20 Surely, associating others with Allah in His Divinity
is a mighty wrong.
21. Zulm means to deprive someone
of his right and to act unjustly. Shirk is a grave iniquity because man sets up
such beings as equals with his Creator and Provider and Benefactor as have no
share whatever in creating him, nor in providing for him, nor in bestowing the
blessings on him, which he is enjoying in the world. There could be no greater
injustice than this. The Creator’s right on man is that he should worship Him
alone, but he worships others and so deprives Him of His right. Then, in
whatever he does in connection with the worship of others than Allah, he
exploits many things, from his own mind and body to the earth and heavens,
whereas, all these things have been created by Allah, the One. And man has no
right to use any of them in the worship of any other than Allah. Then, the
right of man’s own self on him is that he should not debase and involve it in
punishment. But when he worships others than his Creator, he debases his self
as well as makes it deserving of the punishment. Thus, the entire life of a mushrik becomes zulm in every
aspect and at all times and his every breath becomes an expression of injustice
and iniquity.
(31:14) We22 enjoined upon man to be dutiful to his parents. His
mother bore him in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning lasted two years.23 (We,
therefore, enjoined upon him): “Give
thanks to Me and to your parents. To Me
is your ultimate return.
23. From these words, Imam
Shafei, Imam Ahmad, Imam Abu Yusuf and Imam Muhammad have drawn the conclusion
that the suckling period of the child is two years. If a child has been suckled
by the a woman within this period, they will be forbidden for each other for
marriage, but if outside and beyond this period, they will not be so. A saying
of Imam Malik also supports this. But Imam Abu Hanifah has proposed the period
of two and a half years as a precaution, and has added that the child has been
weaned after two years, or even earlier, and it is no longer dependent upon
suckling for its food, no woman would be forbidden for him, if she gave him
suck after that period. However, if the real food of the child is still milk,
suckling during the period will render him and her forbidden for each other in
spite of his eating the other food in a more or less quantity. For,
the
verse does not mean that the child should be suckled necessarily for two years.
In Surah Al- Baqarah it has been said: “The mothers shall suckle their children
for two whole years, if the fathers desire the suckling to be completed.” (Ayat 233). Ibn Abbas from these words has concluded, and other
scholars have agreed with him in this, that
the
shortest period of pregnancy is six months, for the Quran at another place
says: “His bearing (in the womb) and his weaning took thirty months.” (Surah Al-Ahqaf: Ayat 15).
200102022
(31:16) (Luqman said):27 “Son, Allah will
bring forth28 everything
even if it be as small as the grain of a mustard seed
even though it be hidden inside a rock or (anywhere) in the heavens or earth. Allah is Most Subtle, All-Aware.
28.. , you cannot do anything good or bad, anywhere or any time, which may
remain hidden from Allah. He is not only aware of it, but when the time for
accountability comes, He will place before you a full record of each act of
yours.
.
(31:17)
Son, establish Prayer, enjoin all that is good and forbid all that is evil, and
endure with patience
whatever affliction befalls you.29 Surely these
have been emphatically enjoined.30
29. In
this there is a subtle allusion to this that whoever
will enjoin good and forbid evil, will inevitably have to face and undergo
afflictions and hardships in the world
(31:19)
Be moderate in your stride33 and lower your voice. Verily the most disgusting of all voices is the braying of
the donkey.
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(31:27)
If all the trees on earth become pens, and the sea replenished by seven more
seas were to supply them with ink, the Words of Allah would not be exhausted.48Verily Allah is Most
Mighty, Most Wise.
48. “Words of Allah”: Allah’s
creative works and the manifestations of His power and wisdom. This very theme
has been presented in Surah Al-Kahf: Ayat 109 a little differently. A person might think there is
exaggeration in this, but if one considers the matter a little deeply, one will
feel that there is in fact no exaggeration whatsoever
in it. All the pens that can be made from the trees of
the world and all the ink that can be provided by the oceans of the world,
which are replenished by seven more oceans, cannot perhaps help prepare a
complete list of all the creations in the universe, not to speak of all the
manifestations of Allah’s power and wisdom and creative works. When it is
impossible even to count all the things found on the earth only, how can one
bring into writing all the creations found in this limitless universe?
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(31:34)
Surely Allah alone has the knowledge of the Hour. It is He Who sends down the
rain and knows what is in the wombs, although no person knows what he will earn tomorrow, nor does he know
in which land he will die. Indeed, Allah is
All-Knowing, All-Aware.63
63.
This verse is, in fact an answer to the disbelievers’ question as to when the
Hour of Resurrection will come, which they asked when they heard the Prophet
(peace be upon him) mention it and the promise of the Hereafter, again and
again. The Quran has answered this sometimes by citing the question and
sometimes without citing it, because the addressees knew what they were asking.
This is one of those verses which answer the question without citing the
question itself.
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OOOXXXOOO
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